An electric effect can be seen only when electrons are removed from some of the atoms in one material and transferred to atoms in another (or maybe even the same) material. Theelectric effect is caused by the attraction between opposite charges and the repulsion between like charges.
The number of electrons transferred in any charging process is enormous. Here are some examples. If a powder, such as sugar or flour, slides down a tube and sticks to the wall, the charge on each tiny particle could be 10?14 to 10?13 C, i.e., 100,000 to 1 million electrons have been transferred per particle. A person who has walked across a carpeted floor receives a shock when touching a doorknob that typically has a charge of about 10?7 C. Powder sliding down a tube often has a specific charge of about 10?7 C•kg?1. A plastic folder rubbed with a piece of cloth or fur typically produces a charge of 10?7 C per sheet.
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